WGST400 Assignment 3 Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WGST400 Assignment 3 - Research Proposal Example I have never visited the two countries, but it will be of essence to me to know how the two countries handled women issues. For example, I will be interested to know whether the way they handled and addressed women issues was similar or different to my country. Currently, I see many women getting involved in various aspects of our societies. Moreover, many women have been in the forefront in managing and leading issues of our societies. It will be prudent to know how this has transformed throughout the history. I believe that not so many people are aware of what women encountered during this period, and therefore, it will be crucial to know about women in the period and get a lesson from it. I hope to learn how feminism and pacifism progressed in the two countries during the period of the war. The other focus will be to know how it changed after the war. Additional attention will be to know how feminism and pacifism in the two countries influenced other parts of the globe. I have not addressed this topic in my previous research. The topic is appropriate for WGST400, as it will be informative to my readers and me. I will, therefore, have the advantage of having a broad area to cover as I focus on unearthing various issues related to feminism and war. Although lack of previous exposure will be a challenge, I believe I will gather a wealth of information. I also have confidence that various information that I will gather will be satisfactory for this course. In the research paper, I seek to focus on how feminism faired during the period of war in terms of nationalism and pacifism. I will also address the feminist/ pacifist response to war and the differences that arose in various women groups because of war. Moreover, I will seek to show the changing women roles and challenges in England and France due to the advent of war. I will be consulting various sources in this research. The sources seem valuable in addressing the issues that I have

The physical objects Essay Example for Free

The physical objects Essay What is the significance of the physical objects that Ibsen has used in Act-1?Amidst a beautiful rose garden, where the sunrays came beaming down, she was sitting as though she had been totally oblivious to the happening of the world. This is the way a novelist would elucidate such a situation, with the use of apt words and adjectives, using his language skill to express the emotions of the characters but drama involves a completely different approach, an entirely special technique of writing. A dramatist would probably have to delineate the same situation by the physical presence of the beautiful roses, the display of the beaming sunrays and with the actress having to emote the feeling of loneliness. And it is only then, that the audience would understand that in the beautiful rose garden, there is a girl feeling very lonely. In what you would call A Good Drama, the audience is challenged to look not only at the dialogue and actors, but is challenged to examine staging, lighting and even the furniture. Stage directions become cryptic messages of characterization. The dramatists portrayal is well supported by the physical presence of certain objects and the audiences dramatic interpretation goes beyond the traditional analysis of dialogue and relationships. This environmental thinking creates a new dimension of meaning in drama  It is this kind of interaction between the living and non-living characters which allow Henrik Ibsen to reveal emotion and motivation in his play Hedda Gabler. Ibsen gives detailed stage directions about the lighting, the props, and certain objects, to achieve his effects and to supplement his thoughts. Two of the most dramatically significant of these objects are the portrait of Heddas father and the pair of pistols. Each of these emphasizes the dissonant relationship between Hedda and her new environment. Though the portrait of Heddas father in a generals uniform is never directly referred to, it gives us an indication of Heddas military-aristocratic paternal background. The pistols were inherited by Hedda from her father. Her perplexing habit of aiming the pistols at people {Eilert} dramatizes the profound dissonance between herself and her present world, and her frustration with the emptiness of her life. It seems she can conceive of no future for herself other than a life of excruciating boredom. The way in which the portrait and the pistols figure in her world suggests that she is caught up in the repetition of her past rather than engaged in the creation of a future. This is because Hedda, a beautiful young lady was married to Tesman, an indefatigable scholar, both of them having hardly any evident similarities. Although there is no apparent reason for them to have got married one is coaxed into believing by Heddas attitude that Temans world seemed to offer her some sort of security. However she began to feel suffocate in the claustrophobically middle class atmosphere. An early indication of Heddas hostility to the world in which she finds herself is when, on an impulse, she speaks demeaning of a hat, which she knows to be Aunt Julies, {Tesmans aunt} but which she pretends to believe is the maids. That hat was newly and specially bought by Aunt Julie and was even considered attractive by Tesman but Hedda referred to it as old which proves to be a clear indication of the difference in the social classes from which Hedda and Tesman came. The mention by Aunt Julie of her parasol being hers and not the maid Bertas signifies that in spite of the demeaning behaviour of Hedda towards Aunt Julie, the aunt never reciprocated the same way. If Heddas character has been formed in a military-paternal setting, Tesman still lives in an atmosphere of motherly concern, brought up as he has been by a trio of self-sacrificing women Aunt Julie, Aunt Rina and Berta. Tesmans elation over his bedroom slippers, which were embroidered by Aunt Rina, and the fact that he even mentioned about them to Hedda on their honeymoon, is clearly proved by it. Differences between Hedda and Tesman are further indicated by the piano, which was placed in the drawing room. The piano does not fit in the drawing room, just as Hedda doesnt fit into the Tesman family and its middle-class lifestyle. George and Hedda make different assumptions about remedying the problem of the piano. George assumes they will trade it in for a new piano and is startled by Heddas extravagant assumption they will keep it and buy a new one. The entire drawing room itself is indicative of what kind of a mismatch Hedda was to Tesmans family. The room is like Hedda in its sophistication and elegance. It symbolizes Heddas lifestyle, rather than those of the Tesmans. Aunt Julie expressing surprise at Hedda having the covers of the furniture removed further reflects this. This reminds us of the saying that one mans luxury might be anothers necessity. Also the reactions of the characters to the lighting and the position of the glass door are of some significance. While aunt Julie wants the glass door open to welcome the morning fresh air, Hedda refers to it as the flood of sunlight. She however prefers to draw the curtains so that the light becomes softer and does not want the light to go away completely. Light often represents life and aliveness and thus aunt Julies welcoming of the morning light epitomizes her optimistic attitude towards life and her positive thinking. Darkness usually symbolizes danger or vice but Heddas want of soft light and not complete darkness gives us signs of her mysterious past. It shows us that although Hedda was interested in all the mysteries and adventures of life, she preferred to keep a sufficient distance from all those things, which would disturb or disrupt her lifes stability. In this way Ibsen uses the glass door to indicate their varying attitudes towards life. Heddas emptiness of life is further illustrated by her distastefulness towards the flowers and her finding the flowers somewhat stifling. Flowers usually are a mark of happiness and hope and often symbolize a new freshness of life. But Heddas views about the flowers are somewhat opposite.  Thus Ibsen has skillfully used various physical objects to reflect essential characteristics of the relations between the characters and to personify his characters. His detailed stage direction reminds us of what, owner of Prithvi theatre, Mumbai had said, Stage direction is an integral part of every drama. Without the props appropriately placed on stage, the play, however brilliant it may be, appears like a body without a soul, a tear without an emotion and love without a heart.

Sex in Ursula K. LeGuins The Left Hand of Darkness Essay -- essays re

Let’s Talk About Sex Ursula K. LeGuin’s The Left Hand of Darkness is the story of Genly Ai’s travels to a strange planet called Gethen, or Winter. His mission there is to persuade the nations of Gethen to join an alliance Genly Ai represents called the â€Å"Ekumen†. However, his journey is rather difficult due to the great difference in societies from Genly Ai’s home planet, Earth, and this new one. In Gethen, he learns that the people are completely unsexed for the majority of their days. When they are sexed, it is only for a few days and each person is either male or female during this time. The different governments use Genly Ai as a pawn, but in the end they join the alliance. Unfortunately, it comes with the price of his friend’s life. LeGuin has Genly Ai’s descriptions of gender become less and less male or female for the purpose of showing his assimilation on Gethen. When Genly Ai first arrives on Gethen, LeGuin has him sex everyone to show how much of a stranger he is to the planet. LeGuin has Estraven and Genly Ai supper at Estraven’s house, at which time LeGuin has Genly Ai think about the androgynous people of Gethen and she has him realize that he sees â€Å"a Gethenian first as a man, than as a woman, forcing him into those categories so irrelevant to his nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12). When LeGuin has Genly Ai say this, she is showing the way Genly Ai’s understanding of sex being very set in place is also a representation of how he is mentally unfit with the rest of the Gethenians. Additionally, LeGuin has Genly Ai call everyone on Gethen â€Å"man†, and †he† because he cannot picture a culture that has no distinction between sexes at all times. When LeGuin has Genly Ai meet the King of Gethen, Argaven up close, she has him remark that â€Å"Argaven ... ...raven] what women are like†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (235). LeGuin has Genly Ai struggle with this thought as a show of how used to unsexed people he really is. When LeGuin has him see permanently sexed people from his home planet, LeGuin has him be so unfamiliar with it that he doesn’t like it. At first sight, LeGuin has Genly Ai describe them as â€Å"†¦a troupe of great, strange animals, of two different species, great apes with intelligent eyes, all of them in rut, in kemmer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (296). LeGuin has Genly Ai experience these people in such a negative way because Genly Ai simply wasn’t used to the sight of such sexed people. LeGuin even went so far as to have Genly Ai include the Gethenian word â€Å"kemmer† to show how much assimilation has taken place within him. It is in this way that LeGuin uses Genly Ai’s descriptions become less and less gendered to show that he has accepted the culture on Gethen.

Financial Globalization Essay

Financial globalization is not a new term; it has existed since along time as there were capital flows. These capital flows were mainly in the form of long term bonds. As most of the countries were backed by the gold as their currencies the standards were even set according to the gold rates. After the First World War the first global crisis came into being which led to the great depression and the Second World War. After the Second World War the countries restricted trade and looked upon their monetary policies. In 1970s this came to an end and another wave of globalization ran across the world in the form of investment in oil. The financial globalization connects the different countries financially and in the financial integration of the developing countries. The financial system has been evolving since a long time for the better performance of the economy. There came a time when financial instruments were easily being divided into its further components. Risk could be sold or even bought. There is a cycle through which there is a recession period and a boom. After a very long period of boom there are certain reasons which lead into a recession period. Financial crisis can be caused due to several reasons like currency crisis, bank crisis and etc. These crises occur when an asset or something loses its value to a very less amount. There have been recession periods in the past even but the most recent one occurred in 2007. This was also called the great recession. It collapsed very large institutions. Many banks even closed down and several companies had to face severe consequences due to these factors. Now the question arises what caused recession? What were the factors that contribute towards recession? The major reason behind all this in 2007 was the real estate and subprime issues. The investors in real estate were encouraged by the bank and other loan providing authorities to take up on loans on a relatively easy term. These easy terms meant on low interest rate at a reasonable initial payment and etc. Due to these things the prices of the houses started to increase but when the inflation started to raise the prices of property started to decline and hence many of the loan schemes became a loss making for both the provider and the user. The user would lose all the initial payments made while the provider will have to bear the loss due to the inflation. The subprime lenders were moving towards bankruptcy. The main reason for the economic problems today is the expansion of global credit, deregulation and restricting the alternatives of the policies. There could be many reasons which might have led to the crisis in 2007 but the main reasons among them were the value of dollar in international market with respect to the trading of oil, the debt cycle due to the housing schemes and the economic inequality trends. The growth in the inequality trends meant that the gap between the highly paid people and the low paid people kept on increasing in terms of their salaries. Due to this, the consumption was affected as purchasing power would decrease due to low income. To solve this problem plastic money was bought in, plastic money means the use of credit cards, this allowed people to buy things even if they didn’t have cash. The use of plastic money increased the GDP of US and hence its use became more and more common. The concentration of wealth has had a great deal of affect on the political activities even. Lot of people had so much money which they didn’t even know where to spend. The number of donors therefore increased in the system as there people in need of money on the other end (Allan, 2010). The private sector debt has brought a great deal of increase in the crisis. The credit card debt was a little concern over the concern of mortgage debts. Today the crisis is faced due to three main reasons. The change in baking policies, the buying of houses even with a low income and the policies on debts which allowed people to borrow money to buy their houses were among those reasons. The dollar has been the currency in which trading was done. US a few decades back was a creditor and now has become a debtor and that too the biggest one. The depreciation of dollar was due to the trade being taken place in other currency like Iran started trading oil in its local currency and other currencies like Euro and Pounds appreciated causing the value of dollar to depreciate in the international market which even led to the crisis. The problems started to surface when the ‘well’ of credit started to dry up. Bringing credit into the economy cuts down the flow of money and it decreases the growth of the economy. The use of credit is not a bad thing as it promotes growth and jobs, but when they are used wisely. Financial globalization started in late 1980s which was assumed to bring in more growth to a country especially the developing countries. It is largely believed that financial globalization has led to financial crisis but there are very less evidence to support this finding. FDI has become an alternate equity way to the debt financing ways. They are considered to be more stable and are less prone to risk. They bring in more benefits like transfer of managerial and technological expertise. The entries of foreign banks have a positive impact on the financial growth of a country. The foreign banks are much more experience and expertise to deal with issues with problems in an economy. The debts are accepted by the people who are willing to take up risks. It is largely believed that the financial globalization affects in three ways, in financial development, policies and quality of the financial sector. Financial globalization has bought a lot of benefits to the developing countries but because of the financial crisis these benefits have been turned in the opposite ways. Even the supporters of financial globalization believe that risk is involved in it. Financial globalization allows the country borrow in bad times and lend money when the other countries need in good times. Thus it shares the international risks. When country is not financially global it has to look upon the matters regarding to the domestic investors only but when it is financially global it has to take into consideration the foreign investors even which requires a lot of time to solve problems regarding the crisis situations of a country. Even the imperfection of international financial market can lead to crisis. Due to the imperfection fundamentals can also be deteriorated. Even those countries with sound fundamentals can be affected by the importance of external factors in the international market. For example the interest rates, these external factors are a way to judge a country’s capital flows. The shock transmitted through different countries is another way through which financial globalization is affected. For example, if two countries are competing in the same market and if the value of one country’s currency depreciates it will disturb the other country’s competitive advantages. Thus both the countries will have an adverse effect on their currency due to the depreciation of one country’s currency. Another form of shock can be through the information. The investors rely on the market; they see and then speculate according to the position of the market the future of their business. Therefore there can be problems for the economy of a country. There are 4 main agents in the financial globalization, government, borrowers, investors and financial institution. The government restricts the domestic financial sector and capital flows and gives preference to the foreign trade. The opening of foreign companies has increased the investment of foreign countries in a country. To smooth their consumptions the countries have started borrowing from abroad which makes it easy to finance activities as the other countries might be interested in investing in other countries than itself due to several reasons like low risk and higher rate of return. This has made easy for the company and individuals to invest abroad through shares in the companies, providing loans and etc. Financial institutions like International Monetary Fund (IMF) provide a mix of services which are available in different countries all over the world. One of the benefits of financial globalization is the development of financial sector. It has increased the amount of capital present for investment. These advantages come with different sorts of disadvantages even mentioned above. There are different ways through which a government can minimize the risk of financial globalization and maximize its benefits. The government should have proper policies regarding investment in foreign countries, should control capital flows. The transactions which are based on foreign country should be backed institutions which can help in the times of crisis. There should be proper ways to manage the risk and returns. The rules and regulations made should be properly disclosed to enable proper dealings. Managing risk from the beginning might be prevention to the country from several crises and then when crisis do occur they can help the country to solve the problem easily and come out of it smoothly. If the country loses its confidences there are chances of the currency to depreciate therefore proper measure should be taken to support the crisis. This can also happen when there is a change in the foreign currency, as well as the country’s own currency. Thus it can be concluded that the financial crisis of 2007 due to the heavy mortgages and easy borrowings might have led many people to become wealthy but those who were poor became poorer. The effect of the crisis which mainly started in US had its effects all over the world as many of the countries are interlinked with US and hence change in the value of the dollar would affect the other country even. Other its effects on the currency the financial crisis have led to bankruptcy and bailout of many banks and companies. Some of them which were lucky enough were merged with other companies to save the bad economic conditions of the country. Many people had to give back their houses to the government, banks or any other lender which caused a lot of problem to the lenders as well as the owners. This period was known as the recession period where many of the employees lost their jobs due to the shutdown of many organizations all over the world. Even though it has been few years since this recession, its effects can still be visible now. Many places in US still have high rate of unemployment. Thus the financial crisis doesn’t have a good effect on financial globalization. One could say they are interlinked with each other, financial crisis can put a stop to financial globalization and excessive financial globalization can even cause financial crisis. Therefore it is very important to look into matters when investing in foreign companies, those policies which might seem to be more profitable for the short term should be avoided and making decisions on just speculation should not be the only way, there should be a calculation done to measure the amount of the risk a country could face. Though these crises are short lived but sometimes they can leave its effects for a very long period of time.

Teaching English For Specific Purposes Education Essay

How is English for Specific Purposes ( ESP ) different from English as a Second Language ( ESL ) , besides known as general English?The most of import difference lies in the scholars and their intents for larning English. ESP pupils are normally grownups who already have some familiarity with English and are larning the linguistic communication in order to pass on a set of professional accomplishments and to execute peculiar job-related maps. An ESP plan is hence built on an appraisal of intents and demands and the maps for which English is required. ESP concentrates more on linguistic communication in context than on learning grammar and linguistic communication constructions. It covers topics changing from accounting or computing machine scientific discipline to touristry and concern direction. The ESP focal point is that English is non taught as a topic separated from the pupils ‘ existent universe ( or wants ) ; alternatively, it is integrated into a capable affair country of import to the scholars. However, ESL and ESP diverge non merely in the nature of the scholar, but besides in the purpose of direction. In fact, as a general regulation, while in ESL all four linguistic communication accomplishments ; listening, reading, speech production, and authorship, are stressed every bit, in ESP it is a needs analysis that determines which linguistic communication accomplishments are most needed by the pupils, and the course of study is designed consequently. An ESP plan, might, for illustration, stress the development of reading accomplishments in pupils who are fixing for alumnus work in concern disposal ; or it might advance the development of spoken accomplishments in pupils who are analyzing English in order to go tourist ushers. As a affair of fact, ESP combines capable affair and English linguistic communication learning. Such a combination is extremely motivative because pupils are able to use what they learn in their English categories to their chief field of survey, whether it be accounting, concern direction, economic sciences, computing machine scientific discipline or touristry. Bing able to utilize the vocabulary and constructions that they learn in a meaningful context reinforces what is taught and increases their motive. The pupils ‘ abilities in their subject-matter Fieldss, in bend, better their ability to get English. Subject-matter cognition gives them the context they need to understand the English of the schoolroom. In the ESP category, pupils are shown how the subject-matter content is expressed in English. The instructor can do the most of the pupils ‘ cognition of the capable affair, therefore assisting them learn English faster. The term â€Å" specific † in ESP refers to the specific intent for larning English. Students approach the survey of English through a field that is already known and relevant to them. This means that they are able to utilize what they learn in the ESP schoolroom right off in their work and surveies. The ESP attack enhances the relevancy of what the pupils are larning and enables them to utilize the English they know to larn even more English, since their involvement in their field will actuate them to interact with talkers and texts. ESP assesses demands and integrates motive, capable affair and content for the instruction of relevant accomplishments.The duty of the instructorA instructor that already has experience in learning English as a Second Language ( ESL ) , can work her background in linguistic communication instruction. She should acknowledge the ways in which her instruction accomplishments can be adapted for the instruction of English for Specific Purposes. Furthermore, she will necessitate to look for content specializers for aid in planing appropriate lessons in the capable affair field she is learning. As an ESP instructor, you must play many functions. You may be asked to form classs, to put larning aims, to set up a positive acquisition environment in the schoolroom, and to measure pupil s advancement.Forming CoursesYou have to put learning ends and so transform them into an instructional plan with the timing of activities. One of your chief undertakings will be choosing, planing and forming class stuffs, back uping the pupils in their attempts, and supplying them with feedback on their advancement.Puting Goals and AimsYou arrange the conditions for larning in the schoolroom and put long-run ends and short-run aims for pupils achievement. Your cognition of pupils ‘ potency is cardinal in planing a course of study with realistic ends that takes into history the pupils ‘ concern in the learning state of affairs.Making a Learning EnvironmentYour accomplishments for communicating and mediation create the schoolroom atmosphere. Students get linguistic communication when th ey have chances to utilize the linguistic communication in interaction with other talkers. Bing their instructor, you may be the lone English talking individual available to pupils, and although your clip with any of them is limited, you can construction effectual communicating accomplishments in the schoolroom. In order to make so, in your interactions with pupils try to listen carefully to what they are stating and give your apprehension or misconstruing back at them through your answers. Good linguistic communication scholars are besides great risk-takers, since they must do many mistakes in order to win: nevertheless, in ESP categories, they are handicapped because they are unable to utilize their native linguistic communication competency to show themselves as intelligent grownups. That s why the instructor should make an ambiance in the linguistic communication schoolroom which supports the pupils. Learners must be self-assured in order to pass on, and you have the duty to ass ist construct the scholar ‘s assurance.Measuring StudentsThe instructor is a resource that helps pupils place their linguistic communication acquisition jobs and happen solutions to them, happen out the accomplishments they need to concentrate on, and take duty for doing picks which determine what and how to larn. You will function as a beginning of information to the pupils about how they are come oning in their linguistic communication acquisition.The duty of the pupilWhat is the function of the scholar and what is the undertaking he/she faces? The scholars come to the ESP category with a specific involvement for larning, capable affair cognition, and well-built grownup larning schemes. They are in charge of developing English linguistic communication accomplishments to reflect their native-language cognition and accomplishments.Interest for LearningPeoples learn linguistic communications when they have chances to understand and work with linguistic communication in a contex t that they comprehend and find interesting. In this position, ESP is a powerful agencies for such chances. Students will get English as they work with stuffs which they find interesting and relevant and which they can utilize in their professional work or farther surveies. The more scholars pay attending to the significance of the linguistic communication they hear or read, the more they are successful ; the more they have to concentrate on the lingual input or stray linguistic communication constructions, the less they are motivated to go to their categories. The ESP pupil is peculiarly good disposed to concentrate on significance in the subject-matter field. In ESP, English should be presented non as a topic to be learned in isolation from existent usage, nor as a mechanical accomplishment or wont to be developed. On the contrary, English should be presented in reliable contexts to do the scholars acquainted with the peculiar ways in which the linguistic communication is used in maps that they will necessitate to execute in their Fieldss of forte or occupations.Subject-Content KnowledgeLearners in the ESP categories are by and large cognizant of the intents for which they will necessitate to utilize English. Having already oriented their instruction toward a specific field, they see their English preparation as complementing this orientation. Knowledge of the capable country enables the pupils to place a existent context for the vocabulary and constructions of the ESP schoolroom. In such manner, the scholars can take advantage of what th ey already know about the capable affair to larn English.Learning SchemesAdults must work harder than kids in order to larn a new linguistic communication, but the acquisition accomplishments they bring to the undertaking permit them to larn faster and more expeditiously. The accomplishments they have already developed in utilizing their native linguistic communications will do learning English easier. Although you will be working with pupils whose English will likely be rather limited, the linguistic communication larning abilities of the grownup in the ESP schoolroom are potentially huge. Educated grownups are continually larning new linguistic communication behavior in their native linguistic communications, since linguistic communication acquisition continues of course throughout our lives. They are invariably spread outing vocabulary, going more fluid in their Fieldss, and seting their lingual behavior to new state of affairss or new functions. ESP pupils can work these uncondi tioned competences in larning English. Copyright AA © 2005 Lorenzo Fiorito. This article is for educational intents merely. It may be freely redistributed in its entireness provided that this right of first publication notice is non removed.

Analyzing and Interpreting Financial Statements

Analyzing and Interpreting Financial Statements Analyzing and Interpreting Financial Statements This research paper is aimed to analyze the importance of financial statements in business Their role can never be underestimated by investors, newly opening businesses, auditors, competitors, shareholders and business owners. The paper will be focused on the essential impact they make on a companys further strategy. It will cover the standard set of financial statements, in detail with their analysis and interpretation, also paying separate attention to notes and GAAP importance. The connections between financial statements will be explored and explained. Also, the paper will look into detail at ratios used in financial analysis. Thus, the main point of this research will be as follows: GAAP necessity and importance. Standard financial statements overview, their role in assessing the companys health. How three financial statements are connected. Notes to financial statements. Ratios and ratio analysis. One will thoroughly research the topic matter according to the outline above. GAAP Necessity and Importance GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), being a designating element to financial statements, are simply a set of accounting standards, principles, practices and procedures used when compiling financial statements. GAAP are a combination ofauthoritative standards (set by policy boards) and simply the commonly accepted ways of recording and reporting accounting information (Vishwanath Krishnamurti, 2009, p.112). GAAP were created and are now imposed on companies, so that investors, shareholders and creditors could have a uniform way to obtain an accurate and consistent picture of a companys financial state with a minimal risk of fraud and error. GAAP are not required by law. Nevertheless, most companies prefer using their regulations when compiling their financial statements. Standard Financial Statements Overview The most generalized definition of financial statements would call them a collection of reports, which reveal a companys financial state and results (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, 2010). In a deeper economic understanding, financial statements appear to be the tool that helps to quantitatively analyze a companys activity and assess its effective strength. If looking in more detail, financial statements give an opportunity to: Establish a companys ability to bring profit; List and analyze sources of a companys income; Check ways by which the money is spent; Prove whether a company is capable of paying back its liabilities Identify and forecast the trend a company is following (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, 2010). Mentioned above arguments supporting the undoubted role of financial statements prove that the financial statement is imperative for the management because it can provide a rough guide to the future performance of the firm (Vishwanath Krishnamurti, 2009, p.117) and reveal shortcomings in a companys financial strategy. Moreover, many companies find it vital to develop a financial model that allows management to control value creation (Vishwanath Krishnamurti, 2009, p.117) by constructing cash flows from the financial statements and having a permanent assessment of the firm value. The standard financial statements set contains balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows and supplementary notes or footnotes. All of them provide with fundamental and informative inputs for analyzing and diagnosing the corporations health (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, 2010, p.35). Each of them will be reviewed in more detail below. The balance sheet (also known as a statement of financial position) measures the book-value wealth of a firm (Velez-Pareja Tham, 2008, p.4). The balance sheet gives a snapshot of the companys financial state at a taken period of time. It shows companys assets, liabilities and presents information about the shareholders equity. Balance sheets tell people what a company owns (companys assets) and what it owes (its liabilities) at a fixed point of time. Every balance sheet is divided into three main parts - assets, liabilities and shareholder equity. The complied result of a balance sheet could be demonstrated by this formula: Total assets = Total liabilities + Equity (Velez-Pareja Tham, 2008, p.4). A companys balance sheet is commonly set up like the basic accounting equation shown above. Companies list their assets on the left side of the balance sheet. They list their liabilities and shareholders equity on the right side. In some periods, balance sheet shows assets at the top, with the shareholders equity at the bottom, followed by liabilities. The aim of a balance sheet is to evaluate a companys liquidity and ability to pay debts. (Ross, Westerfield Jaffe, 2010) Income statements demonstrate companys expenditures and revenues over a period of time. As the Income Statement is a dynamical financial statement, it measures the economic activity of the firm during a given period (Velez-Pareja Tham, 2008). Therefore, the primary purpose of the income statement is to report company's earnings to investors over a specific period of time showing revenues and expenses, and the resulting profit or loss. The cash flow statement demonstrates companys liquidity. In other words, it illustrates the amount of cash available or in hand at each instant of time (Velez-Pareja Tham, 2008, p.5). It summarizes companys cash inflows and outflows with regards to financing, operating and investing activities. While an income statement indicates whether a company managed to get any profit, a cash flow statement reveals whether the company generated cash. Moreover, this report shows the change trend over a period of time, but not actual money amounts at a certain period. Connectedness of the Financial Statements The balance sheet, the income statement and the cash flow statement are not stand-alone reports. They all come in line together, each disclosing a particular side of businesss financial state and its association. For example, the line Sales Revenue (Income statement) influences Cash and Accounts receivable (Balance sheet); Cost of Goods Sold (Income statement) is directly linked to Accounts payable and Inventory (Balance Sheet); Fixed Assets (Balance sheet) affects Depreciation Expense (Income statement), while Depreciation in its turn has an impact on Accumulated depreciation (Balance sheet). The cash flow statement combines the data from both balance sheet and income statement it begins with Net income (Income statement) and its Ending cash will be Cash and Cash Equivalents in the balance sheet. Notes to Financial Statements Supplementary notes may contain interpretation of various business activities and extra information on certain accounts. They report additional details, which cannot be derived from main financial statements. Among others, notes may include such highlights: significant accounting policies and practices (as companies may be choosing among two or three GAAP for many expenses, there should be a footnote per each significant accounting choice), income tax (detailed overview of companys deferred and current income tax), stock options, interest rates, maturity rates, etc. Notwithstanding notes are an obligatory element of any financial statement, there are no standards for clarity or conciseness. Notes to financial statements are a GAAP-mandated inherent part of financial statements. Ratios and Ratio Analysis Financial analysis widely uses accounting ratios when evaluating companys activities on the market. Ratios demonstrate relations between figures appearing on a balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement and are commonly expressed as percentage, proportion, co-efficient or a rate. Here are just a few examples of ratios split by groups depending on what they are aimed to analyze: Liquidity ratios measure a companys ability to meet its short-term liabilities (Velez-Pareja, 2012). Current Ratio demonstrates a companys ability to pay its liabilities using companys assets. Quick Ratio forecasts whether a company would be capable of immediate settlement of debts and liabilities. Turnover ratios measure effectiveness and efficiency of using resources For example, Inventory Turnover Ratio assesses inventory policy that the company has implemented in its operation (Velez-Pareja, 2012). Cash Conversion Cycle estimates the time when the company needs to finance raw materials purchase (Velez-Pareja, 2012). Financial leverage and debts ratios are used to evaluate financial risks of a company (Drake, 2007). Coverage of Fixed Costs is one of the main indicators of companys survivability, as it shows whether the company is able to cover and pay fixed costs (Velez-Pareja, I., 2012), Debt to Equity Ratio and Debt to Assets both describe the extent to which a company is reliable on external sources or debts for financing, EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization) is used to detect whether a company is capable of paying its liabilities. Moreover, it evaluates the business in general (Drake, 2007); Return on investment and margin ratios measure the ability to generate profit, e.g. Gross profit margin indicates how much of every dollar of sales is left after costs of goods is sold (Drake, 2007, p.7), Return on investments (ROI) compares earnings with the cause (investment) of those earnings (Velez-Pareja, 2012). Value Ratios are used by investors as the main indicator of a worthwhile investment, as they show the integrated value in stocks - Price to Earnings (P/E), Dividend, etc. (Drake, 2007). Ratio analysis allows evaluating the companys performance at a certain period of time and in the trend. Ratios create benchmarks for high and stable efficiency (Russel, 2004). They help to indicate weak sides that need improvement and strong competitive advantages. Although, they may not be a single reliable forecasting tool. They provide an accurate and quick cross-section for a particular sphere of interest. The main aim of ratio analysis is to obtain a quick and highly-informative estimation of companys performance. Neither ratios nor financial statements may give one a complete picture of how the business is doing. Only combining the data from all of them, attentive research and comparison will provide one with a significant scope of information, which might become ones real asset in the wise investment process. Thus, potential investors, creditors and other users are provided with an opportunity to make a thoughtful decision.

Learn More About the Science of Geology

Learn More About the Science of Geology What is geology? It is the study of the Earth, its substances, shapes, processes, and history. There are several different components that geologists study with regard to this fascinating field. Minerals Minerals are natural, inorganic solids with a consistent composition. Each mineral also has a unique arrangement of atoms, expressed in its crystal form (or habit) and its hardness, fracture, color, and other properties. Organic natural substances, like petroleum or amber, are not called minerals. Minerals of exceptional beauty and durability are called gemstones (as are a few rocks). Other minerals are sources of metals,  chemicals  and fertilizers. Petroleum is a source of energy and chemical feedstocks. All of these are described as mineral resources. Rocks Rocks are solid mixtures of at least one mineral. While minerals have crystals and chemical formulas, rocks instead have textures and mineral compositions. On that basis, rocks are divided into three classes reflecting three environments: igneous rocks come from a hot melt, sedimentary rocks from accumulation and burial of sediment, metamorphic rocks from altering other rocks by heat and pressure. This classification points to an active Earth that circulates matter through the three rock classes, on the surface and underground, in what is called the rock cycle. Rocks are important as ores- economic sources of useful minerals. Coal is a rock that is a source of energy. Other rock types are useful as building stone, crushed stone and raw material for concrete. Still others serve for toolmaking, from the stone knives of our prehuman ancestors to the chalk used by artists today. All of these, too, are considered mineral resources. Fossils Fossils are signs of living things that are found in many sedimentary rocks. They may be impressions of an organism, casts in which minerals have replaced its body parts, or even remnants of its actual substance Fossils also include tracks, burrows, nests, and other indirect signs. Fossils and their sedimentary environments are vivid clues about the former Earth and what living there was like. Geologists have compiled a fossil record of ancient life stretching hundreds of millions of years into the past. Fossils have practical value because they change throughout the rock column. The exact mix of fossils serves to identify and correlate rock units in widely separated places, even in the grit pumped up from  drill holes. The geologic time scale is based almost entirely on fossils supplemented with other dating methods. With  it,  we can confidently compare sedimentary rocks from everywhere in the world. Fossils are also resources, valuable as museum attractions and as collectibles, and their commerce is increasingly regulated. Landforms, Structures and Maps Landforms in all their variety are products of the rock cycle, built of rocks and sediment. They were shaped by erosion and other processes. Landforms give testimony of the environments that built and altered them in the geologic past, such as ice ages. From mountains and water bodies to caves to the sculpted features of the beach and seafloor, landforms are clues into the Earth beneath them. Structure is an important part of studying rock outcrops. Most parts of the Earths crust are warped, bent and buckled to some extent. The geologic signs of this jointing, folding, faulting, rock textures, and unconformities help in assessing structure, as do measurements of the slopes and orientation of rock beds. Structure in the subsurface is important for water supply. Geologic maps are an efficient database of geologic information on rocks, landforms and structure.   Geologic Processes and Hazards Geologic processes drive the rock cycle to create landforms, structures and fossils. They include erosion, deposition, fossilization, faulting, uplift, metamorphism, and volcanism. Geologic hazards are powerful expressions of geologic processes. Landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, climate change, flooding and cosmic impacts are extreme examples of ordinary things. Understanding the underlying geologic processes is a key part of mitigating geologic hazards.   Tectonics and Earth History Tectonics is geologic activity on the largest scale. As geologists mapped the worlds rocks, untangled the fossil record and studied geologic features and processes, they began to raise and answer questions about tectonics the life cycle of mountain ranges and volcanic chains, motions of continents, the rise and fall of the ocean, and how the mantle and core operate. Plate-tectonic theory, which explains tectonics as the motions in Earths outer broken skin, has revolutionized geology, enabling us to study everything on Earth in a unified framework. Earth history is the story that minerals, rocks, fossils, landforms, and tectonics tell. Fossil studies, in combination with gene-based techniques, yield a consistent evolutionary history of life on Earth. The Phanerozoic Eon (age of fossils) of the last 550 million years is well mapped as a time of expanding life punctuated by mass extinctions. The previous four billion years, the Precambrian time, is being revealed as an age of enormous changes in the atmosphere, oceans and continents. Geology Is Civilization Geology is interesting as a pure science, but Professor Jim Hawkins at Scripps Institution of Oceanography tells his classes something even better: Rocks are money! What he means is that civilization rests on rocks: Society relies on a good supply of Earth products.For every structure we build, we need to know about the ground it sits on.Our food and fiber come from soil, a thin biogeochemical layer of incredible complexity.Protection against geologic hazards depends on our understanding of them.

Beryllium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Beryllium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Beryllium Atomic Number: 4 Symbol: Be Atomic Weight: 9.012182(3)Reference: IUPAC 2009 Discovery: 1798, Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin (France) Electron Configuration: [He]2s2 Other Names: Glucinium or Glucinum Word Origin: Greek: beryllos, beryl; Greek: glykys, sweet (note that beryllium is toxic) Properties: Beryllium has a melting point of 1287/-5Â °C, boiling point of 2970Â °C, specific gravity of 1.848 (20Â °C), and valence of 2. The metal is steel-gray in color, very light, with one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is a third higher than that of steel. Beryllium has high thermal conductivity, is nonmagnetic, and resists attack by concentrated nitric acid. Beryllium resists oxidation in air at ordinary temperatures. The metal has a high permeability to x-radiation. When bombarded by alpha particles, it yields neutrons in the ratio of approximately 30 million neutrons per million alpha particles. Beryllium and its compounds are toxic and should not be tasted to verify the metals sweetness. Uses: Precious forms of beryl include aquamarine, morganite, and emerald. Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper, which is used for springs, electrical contacts, nonsparking tools, and spot-welding electrodes. It is used in many structural components of the space shuttle and other aerospace craft. Beryllium foil is used in x-ray lithography for making integrated circuits. It is used as a reflector or moderator in nuclear reactions. Beryllium is used in gyroscopes and computer parts. The oxide has a very high melting point and is used in ceramics and nuclear applications. Sources: Beryllium is found in approximately 30 mineral species, including beryl (3BeO Al2O3Â ·6SiO2), bertrandite (4BeOÂ ·2SiO2Â ·H2O), chrysoberyl, and phenacite. The metal may be prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Element Classification: Alkaline-earth Metal Isotopes: Beryllium has ten known isotopes, ranging from Be-5 to Be-14. Be-9 is the only stable isotope.Density (g/cc): 1.848 Specific Gravity (at 20 Â °C): 1.848 Appearance: hard, brittle, steel-gray metal Melting Point: 1287 Â °C Boiling Point: 2471 Â °C Atomic Radius (pm): 112 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 5.0 Covalent Radius (pm): 90 Ionic Radius: 35 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 1.824 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 12.21 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 309 Debye Temperature (K): 1000.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.57 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 898.8 Oxidation States: 2 Lattice Structure:Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.290 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.567 CAS Registry Number: 7440-41-7 Beryllium Trivia Beryllium was originally named glyceynum due to the sweet taste of beryllium salts. (glykis is Greek for sweet). The name was changed to beryllium to avoid confusion with other sweet tasting elements and a genus of plants called glucine. Beryllium became the official name of the element in 1957.James Chadwick bombarded beryllium with alpha particles and observed a subatomic particle with no electrical charge, leading to the discovery of the neutron.Pure beryllium was isolated in 1828 by two different chemists independently: German chemist Friederich WÃ ¶hler and French chemist Antoine Bussy.WÃ ¶hler was the chemist who first proposed the name beryllium for the new element. Source Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (89th Ed.)

In a World of Pay by Fryer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

In a World of Pay by Fryer - Research Paper Example The contribution of this article in the study of human resources is significant in the sense that the article is sufficient enough to enable the HR students gain a real-world insight on how to apply HR theories and practices. The article also allows the students to have an idea concerning the level of competition in the real world of business. Likewise, the article revealed how HR managers should plan on designing effective work compensation packages based on the Coming up with a win-win situation between the employer and employee is very important. Since Anne as a job applicant is a well-known individual who has marked a competitive marketing performance within the ERP software industry, the HR manager should consider the fact that Anne is paying a fee of US$3,000 per month for the assisted living facility of her mother, a competitive health care plan for her 7-year old son who is suffering from asthma and allergies (Fryer, 2003, p. 32, 34). The HR manager also needs to consider that Anne is a single mother. Therefore, transferring her to Germany could be very costly since Anne may need some support on house rent, day care services, cultural training for her and her son, and the annual tuition for her son’s education (p. 37). Knowing the major concern of Anne as a potentially competitive marketing employee, the HR manager should come up with a better working arrangement option or work compensation package that will directly address the main concerns of Anne. With this in mind, the HR manager should weigh the proposed work compensation packages with the market potential and business profitability Anne could contribute to the company. Â  

Current status, Potential, Limitation of wind energy in Qinghai Term Paper

Current status, Potential, Limitation of wind energy in Qinghai - Term Paper Example This research paper focuses on the potential of wind energy generation and scope for future development in Qinghai Plateau in future. During the study data would be collected about the present status of wind energy in Qinghai; then depending on Qinghai Plateaus special topography and meteorology situation, an effort would be made to figure out the potential of wind energy in Qinghai. Well, the venture is not without its share of problems and limitations. Therefore, during the study it would also be my endeavour to find out the limitations in developing the wind energy. In general the study is being undertaken to understand the advantages of wind energy and the potential that Qinghai Plateau holds for future. The conversion of wind energy to various other useful forms, like electricity, is known as wind power. Wind energy is converted into these forms using wind turbines. It has proved its potential as a source of electrical energy in many parts of the world. The first use of wind energy was through wind mills. Wind mills had engines which were in turn used to produce energy using wind. This energy was usually used in rural and agricultural areas for grinding, pumping, hammering and various other requirements in farms. Even today, wind energy is used in large scale wind farms to provide electricity to rural areas and other outside locations (Yongjun Chen, Yong He, 08.2008). Wind Energy is advantageous over traditional methods of creating energy, in the sense that it is getting cheaper and cheaper to produce wind energy. Therefore, wind energy is bound to become the cheapest method of producing energy on a large scale in future. But, production of wind energy depends on geological, geographical and meteorological conditions prevailing around the region. For any given area, the direction, velocity, and duration of wind would be quite variable, depending on local topography and temperature differences in the atmosphere. Qinghai Plateau reaches to the middle of

Policy Lightening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy Lightening - Essay Example The public should work together with the government to avoid recurrence (Kettl, 2014, p. 1). â€Å"Policy Lightening† was used to refer to anything that takes place when policies are blowing off by the lightening on striking occasion. There are inescapable conclusions, and they are two, this includes; a policy lightening that take place in excessive frequencies that is it keep on recurring. Another inescapable conclusion is that some changes are befalling and it make the situation worst, it causes many destructions if became more frequent (Kettl, 2014, p. 5). Many things have been happening in the government. The government has lost trust with the public. The government has repeatedly made so many mistakes; this includes; the misuse of public resources without clear explanation, like Bruno Iksil, who went to unknown with the finances, President and Chairman could not go through this failure. Ilksil lost a lot of money, which was more than 5 billion dollars. Another one was Hur ricane Katrina, which happened in 2005, the government failed to overcome the disaster though there was a forecast, and they did not prepare and mitigate the storm. Another failure that has recurred is when the private company failure of taking their responsibilities for the disaster that is when British Petroleum oil spillage and explosion in deep water. The spillage was devastating that it needed government to intervene in it.

Law assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Law assignment - Essay Example Ewing is expected to win the case being treated unfairly compared to the other students who also failed in the particular exams. 3. This case would lead to the limitation of the rights of students and the justification of inequalities in educational institutes – potentially in other organizational areas also. Journal Activity  2 1. Lee entered a liquor store for buying cognac. However, he thought he could have it without paying for it or, at least, not for all of it. He took two bottles of cognac from the self but concealed one of them in his pants. The employee saw him and approached him. Then, Lee left both bottles and started to run. However, he was caught by a near-by police officer and was prosecuted for shoplifting. 2. Shoplifting is the criminal offence discussed in this case. The specific crime can be generally characterized as theft; however, its level is different across states, in accordance with the limits set for the value of the goods stolen. Normally, shoplift ing is characterized as a misdemeanor; for goods over the $500, shoplifting is considered as a felony. Shoplifting laws are highly differentiated across states. 3. The effective enforcement of law related to shoplifting, as of other crimes also, could be a means for increasing the sense of safety of citizens in their daily activities. Journal Activity  3 1. Philip Smith brought with him in school a poisonous spider. He locked it in his locker thinking that it could not escape. However, two students opened Philip’s locker, the spider escaped and entered the locker room of Judy Norton. The girl was bitten by the spider and sued Smith for the injury she suffered. 2. Norton can use the personal injury law which entitles the person who suffered the injury the right to ask for compensation for the injury he suffered but also for damages of other types (damages for emotional pain, future medical expenses and so on). Norton is expected to win the case only if she proves that Smith had responsibility for the injury, i.e. that he could have foreseen the danger and that he did not take the necessary measures to avoid it. 3. This case could help to understand clearer the liability for not taking the necessary measures when owning a pet/ animal. Journal Activity  4 1. A divorce case has been brought before a federal district court because the parties involved, Shahnaz and Vasu Harinath, wanted to keep the problem secret – referring to their community. Would the federal district court hear the case? 2. The family law is applied to this case. However, in accordance with the laws on jurisdiction, the federal district courts do not have the power to hear such cases. It is expected that the case will be diverted to a state court. 3. The specific case would be important answering to the following question: are the parties of a law dispute free in choosing the court that will hear their case? Journal Activity  5 1. I agree with the auto dealership. Since there is a mistake in the advertising, which the auto dealership could not control, it would not be fair for his advertisement to be considered as an offer. Also, generally, the courts do not consider advertisements as ‘offer’, refusing the potential of an advertisement to bind the party that made the advertisement (for instance, Partridge v Crittenden 1968). More specifically, in the context of the

Augustus from Prima Porta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Augustus from Prima Porta - Essay Example "The posture is that of a victorious general addressing his troops, and the emperor is shown in armor. His breastplate is sculpted with scenes of Roman military triumph and the mythological figures of gods and goddesses. The pose of the figure is clearly based on the Greek model of the Spear Carrier, and the face shown is that of a handsome man in the prime of life." (Lewis and Lewis, 230) Through an effective combination of Greek idealization and Roman realism, this marble statue creates a convincing portrait of a 'real man' and a successful image of the perfect leader. Augustus is represented in this statue as the 'pater patriae', who is looking down on his people with calm concern and complete self confidence. Therefore, it is essential to realize that Augustus of Prima Porta, which is now displayed in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican Museums, is a perfect example of the Imperial Roman statuary and Augustus, in this statue, consciously attempts to identify himself with the ultimat e authority of Rome during the Golden Age of the Roman civilization. In a reflective analysis of Augustus of Prima Porta, it becomes lucid that this statue of the emperor Augustus can rightly be considered one of the most essential examples of the enigmatic works of art from the Augustan era.

Law assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Law assignment - Essay Example Ewing is expected to win the case being treated unfairly compared to the other students who also failed in the particular exams. 3. This case would lead to the limitation of the rights of students and the justification of inequalities in educational institutes – potentially in other organizational areas also. Journal Activity  2 1. Lee entered a liquor store for buying cognac. However, he thought he could have it without paying for it or, at least, not for all of it. He took two bottles of cognac from the self but concealed one of them in his pants. The employee saw him and approached him. Then, Lee left both bottles and started to run. However, he was caught by a near-by police officer and was prosecuted for shoplifting. 2. Shoplifting is the criminal offence discussed in this case. The specific crime can be generally characterized as theft; however, its level is different across states, in accordance with the limits set for the value of the goods stolen. Normally, shoplift ing is characterized as a misdemeanor; for goods over the $500, shoplifting is considered as a felony. Shoplifting laws are highly differentiated across states. 3. The effective enforcement of law related to shoplifting, as of other crimes also, could be a means for increasing the sense of safety of citizens in their daily activities. Journal Activity  3 1. Philip Smith brought with him in school a poisonous spider. He locked it in his locker thinking that it could not escape. However, two students opened Philip’s locker, the spider escaped and entered the locker room of Judy Norton. The girl was bitten by the spider and sued Smith for the injury she suffered. 2. Norton can use the personal injury law which entitles the person who suffered the injury the right to ask for compensation for the injury he suffered but also for damages of other types (damages for emotional pain, future medical expenses and so on). Norton is expected to win the case only if she proves that Smith had responsibility for the injury, i.e. that he could have foreseen the danger and that he did not take the necessary measures to avoid it. 3. This case could help to understand clearer the liability for not taking the necessary measures when owning a pet/ animal. Journal Activity  4 1. A divorce case has been brought before a federal district court because the parties involved, Shahnaz and Vasu Harinath, wanted to keep the problem secret – referring to their community. Would the federal district court hear the case? 2. The family law is applied to this case. However, in accordance with the laws on jurisdiction, the federal district courts do not have the power to hear such cases. It is expected that the case will be diverted to a state court. 3. The specific case would be important answering to the following question: are the parties of a law dispute free in choosing the court that will hear their case? Journal Activity  5 1. I agree with the auto dealership. Since there is a mistake in the advertising, which the auto dealership could not control, it would not be fair for his advertisement to be considered as an offer. Also, generally, the courts do not consider advertisements as ‘offer’, refusing the potential of an advertisement to bind the party that made the advertisement (for instance, Partridge v Crittenden 1968). More specifically, in the context of the

Clean Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clean Energy - Essay Example Most of the industrialized countries have embarked on new policies and technologies which makes the future energy sustainable. Their aim is to maintain the current economic growth and culture and at the same time provide environmental protection and energy security. Therefore the world is aiming at maintaining sufficient supply of clean energy. According to Dell, Anthony and Rand (2004), clean energy also known as renewable energy is anticipated to expand rapidly. This will be due to the increasing need to counter the issue of global warming. Combustion technology, such as agricultural and municipal solid waste are said to make important contribution to the supply of energy. The only challenge to the clean energy is low cost fossil fuels, lack of resource, capital cost or public opposition. Clean energy aims at the possibility of there being a reduction on pollution resulting from fossil fuels. It also sets the available renewable energies such as sun, wind and waves in the current c ontext of production of energy. Generally, nature has provided us with various forms of clean energy such as hydro energy, wave energy and tidal energy. All these forms of energy are categorized under water as the source. There other forms such as solar energy (sun), geothermal energy (ground) and biomass from waste products. Natural gas is also another form clean energy since its means of distribution that is through pipeline have less impact to the environment. The major task is to use these various forms of clean energies sufficiently and economically to reducing environmental impact. The major objective of global energy sustainability is to ensure replacement of fossil fuels with clean (renewable) energy sources around the globe. There are different ways the world benefits from clean energy. The benefits range from initiating a business to investing in companies to clean energy market trading. There are lots of entrepreneurship opportunities in the industry clean industry tradin g. Clean energy industry is a highly growing industry where business opportunities are not restricted to anyone. Sales and marketing individuals can also benefit from clean energy industry. They can partner with service and product providers to launch the marketing of clean energy services and products. There are also several employment opportunities in the clean energy industry. They include research jobs and consultant jobs. Capital investment has also ventured in the clean energy market and technological advancement. There are several challenges facing the development of clean energies especially in developing countries. First there are difficulties in eliminating carbon emission. There are very little incentives capable of developing better technologies that reduce carbon emission. The issue of mitigating climate change is yet another major issue. The main goal of both the public and the private sector is reduce green house gases. Therefore any attempt that solves this problem t ends to draw a lot of attention from the public. This in turn leads to less attention on the technology of clean energy which does not completely solve this problem. Due to the expensiveness of the facilities required in producing clean energy the process has to take a slow pace. The techniques required are also rare hence costly. Failure to adequately serve technological needs of the third world countries is yet

The Miracle Worker by William Gibson Essay Example for Free

The Miracle Worker by William Gibson Essay William Gibsons play, The Miracle Worker, illustrates how people who triumph over hardships can succeed in achieving their goals. The play follows Annie Sullivan, a half-blind northern young woman, as she travels to Post-Civil War Tuscumbia, Alabama in order to teach Helen Keller, a blind and deaf little girl. When she arrives in Alabama, Annie meets Helens family members; her father, Captain Keller, is a stubborn, commanding former Civil War captain and her mother, Kate Keller, is a young, overly protective woman, both of them have kept Helen almost as a pet because they did not know what to do with her or how to treat her. In order for Annie to succeed in teaching Helen, she has to battle with Captain Kellers stubbornness, Kates overly protectiveness, and Helens combativeness. For instance, Annie is forced to show her combative side as she repeatedly faces off with Captain Keller to be able to teach Helen better. For example, Annie and Captain Keller argue at the breakfast table over how to teach Helen, and Captain Keller exclaims, I fail to see where you have taught her anything yet, Miss Sullivan! to which Annie responds angrily, Ill begin this minute if youll leave the room, Captain Keller! (Gibson 668). Captain Keller desperately wants to have peace at the breakfast table; however, Annie interrupts that peace by demanding that he leave the room. Annie knows that, in order for her to be able to discipline Helen, Captain Keller and Kate must leave the room so that they cannot interfere. In addition, Annie requests another week to teach Helen without the interference of her family, and Captain Keller exclaims, And what would one more week accomplish? We are more than satisfied, youve done more than we ever thought possible, taught her constructive(691). Captain Keller is more than satisfied because Annie has taught Helen manners and how to behave. Annie is frustrated with the Kellers because she knows that Helens learning manners is only the first step in her education; Annie wants to teach Helen communication, but knows that this skill is unattainable with Kate and Captain Kellers frequent interferences. Furthermore, at Helens welcome home dinner, Helen tests her parents and throws a water pitcher on Annie, Captain Keller tries to stop Annie from disciplining Helen, but Annie rounds on him and yells, Dont smooth anything else out for me, dont interfere in any way! I treat her like a seeing child because I ask her to  see, I expect her to see, dont undo what I do! (700). Helen has been in the garden house with Annie for the past two weeks, following rules day and night, and Captain Keller wants to make Helens welcome home dinner more enjoyable by allowing her more freedom than she has had in the past two weeks. Annie knows that if Captain Keller allows Helen to get her way, even once, all the progress she has made over the past two weeks will have gone to waste and she will return to her previous bad habits and distasteful manners. Annies being obstinate and her sheer will power help her to stand up to Captain Keller, insure that Helen can succeed in her learning and becoming able to communicate with a world from which she has been closed off. Moreover, Annie is driven to a constant battle of wills against Kates blinding love for Helen because this love interferes with Helens being able to learn from Annie, her teacher. For example, Annie turns indignant when Kate gives Helen a sweet after Helen stabs Annie with a needle, and Kate explains, We catch our flies with honey, Im afraid. We havent the heart for much else, and so many times she simply cannot be compelled (664). All Kate realizes is that Helens bad behavior stops when she is given candy, thus Kate accidentally rewards her for misbehaving. Annie feels frustrated because she knows that if Kate carries on rewarding Helen for bad behavior, Annie will never be able to rid Helen of her bad habits. In addition, when the Kellers are taken aback by Annies proposition of spending two weeks alone in the garden house, Annie explains, Mrs. Keller, I dont think Helens worst handicap is deafness or blindness. I think its your love. And pity (667). Annie knows that Mrs. Kellers love and pity for Helen has caused Kate to distort Helens differentiation between right and wrong, and Annie realizes that being alone with Helen will allow her to be taught without the interference of her mothers love. Annie thinks that this love and pity from Kate is Helens worst handicap because it prevents her from learning language and keeps Helen closed off from the world around her. Furthermore, Helen tests her family, and her teacher, when her welcome home dinner after her two weeks alone with Annie, repeatedly dropping her napkin, Kate tries to make excuses for her and supposes, Will once hurt so much, Miss Annie? Ivemade all Helens favorite foods, tonight (699). Kates desire to make Helen happy on her first night back blinds Kate to the  realization that if she allows Helen misbehave even once, the progress that Helen has made in the time she spent with Annie in the garden house will diminish and Annie will have to start teaching Helen all over again. Annie knows that if Helen realizes that she can get away with misbehaving, now that she is reunited with her family, she will revert back to her old ways and continue misbehaving. Because Annie fights with Kate to keep Helen in line, Annie is able to teach Helen how to act and behave like a seeing child, and begin to break through Helens shell that prevents her from learning language. What is more, due to her stubborn, fiery attitude, Helen forces Annie to battle with her in order for Annie to make Helen understand that everything has a name. For Example, upon first meeting Helen, Annie shows her a doll and immediately spells d-o-l-l into Helens hand, Helen, wanting the doll, rejects the spelling and whacks Annie over the head; as Annie gets up looking for Helen the narrator reveals, But rounding from the mirror she sees the door slam, Helen and the doll are on the outside, and Helen is turning the key in the lock, Annie darts over, to pull the knob, but the door is locked fast. (655). Helen has no desire to spell back to Annie, and when Annie will not give her the doll until she spells back she hits Annie with a haymaker and flees out the door. Due to her injury, Annie immediately realizes the difficulty she is going to have teaching Helen, and she becomes ever more determined to succeed in making Helen learn. In addition, Annie tries tirelessly to get Helen to eat her breakfast with a spoon, but the narrator reveals, She tries again this time Helen accepts the food. Annie lowers the spoon with a sigh of relief, and Helen spews the mouthful out at her face (672). Helen resents the attempts that Annie makes to teach her how to use proper manners and fights back bitterly with her entire arsenal of tricks. Annie, instead of being discouraged by the insult, is only more determined to succeed in teaching Helen table manners after having food spewed into her face. Furthermore, Helen proceeds to misbehave once she is reunited with her family, accumulating in her deliberately flinging a water pitcher at Annie; the narrator reveals, Annie gets her breath, the snatches the pitcher away in one hand, hoists Helen up bodily under the other arm, and starts to carry her out, kicking Annie takes Helen to the water pump  to refill the pitcher and it is there the miracle happens as Helen says Wah. Wah (and again with great effort) Wah. Wah' (701). Annie grabs Helen to take her outside to refill the water pitcher and, is rewarded when, once outside, Helen comes to the realization that the letters Annie has been spelling into her hand are indeed the names of the things around her. Helen, although originally furious at being dragged outside, is astounded when she comes to the realization that the things Annie has been tapping into her hand mean water, and she is even able to think back to before her disability when she could say Wah Wah. All of Annies efforts with Helen are finally rewarded when Helen is opened up as she realizes that everything does have a name. Annie succeeds in teaching Helen the meaning of language because she stubbornly battles Captain Keller, Kate, and Helen. Annie knows that Helens worst handicap is not her deafness or blindness, rather that she has been kept as a pet out of her parents love and pity. Captain Keller tries to stop Annie from disciplining Helen, but Annie ferociously demands for him to get out of the way and stop interfering. Annie triumphs over the difficulties she faces and succeeds in her goal of teaching Helen language and opening her up to let the world know the treasures she holds in her imagination.

Utilitarian Arguments For Thesis Statement

Utilitarian Arguments For Thesis Statement From our point of view, we agree that the procedures of women undergo scalpel is not morally justified. Therefore, people have no right to undergo scalpel even it is because of the beauty demanded by society. Utilitarian Arguments for Thesis Statement Utilitarian approach has proven that the procedures of women undergoing scalpel is not morally justified. This is because according to Act-Utilitarianism, an action is right only if the action produces more pleasure than pain for all parties. More important, it is not depending on the rules of morality that govern the action. We cannot deny that scalpel can make women prettier and more attractive. Therefore, it is definitely will produce more pleasure than pain for the women. However, this situation is only happen in the short run. Let look into the long run, if more and more women are undergoing scalpel, it will affect the perceptions about beauty in society. This is because everyone now is perfect like a doll and women who not undergoing scalpel will automatically considered as ugly. As a result, everyone will have a mindset that women must undergo scalpel then only can be considered a pretty woman. Moreover, scalpel may lead to several side effects and health issues in the future. The side effects and health issues caused by scalpel may become a burden to the women, her family as well as society. This is because the cost of these issues is mainly bear by the society. At that time, it is more pain than pleasure for everyone. This is because the consequences may not easily be recovered and it is impossible to return to the original state. Health Risks We begin with the most obvious of risks. Call it reconstructive, cosmetic, or plasticit is still surgery. People have risked and lost their lives and limbs, and suffered devastating disfigurement and scarring as a result of plastic surgery gone wrong. The worst outcomes are rare, but risk is nonetheless a reality. As quoted by (Natalie Kita, March 9,2009) By applying the Rule-utilitarianism, we have noticed that another point of view that supports our thesis statement. According to the Rule-utilitarianism, the action which means that follow the rules that general acceptance and produce the greatest balance of happiness is right. We all know that the outlook of one person is a present from God and we cannot overtake God to decide ones person outlook by undergoing scalpel. Although there are no rules and acts states that people undergo scalpel in search of beauty is prohibited and illegal. The rules of general acceptance are that no one can overtake God to decide our outlook by undergoing scalpel. Therefore, scalpel is not morally justified action. If the society continues this trend of scalpel, it may create several negative consequences from health risks to psychological and social. The health risk may include infection, tissue death, pneumonia, delayed healing and so on. The psychological and social risks may include the potential of inadequate of correction such as one may still feel ugly after scalpel. Based on the impacts, we can conclude that undergoing scalpel in search of beauty will create more harm than good. Utilitarian Arguments for Antithesis Statement Nowadays, social networks like Facebook has fundamentally changed the way people communicate and discover new things. Many people like to share their live with their friends or even a stranger. Therefore, these people start to demand a beauty appearance so that they can proudly share their photo or portrait online. In addition, people especially women start to level up their demand about beauty. They always want to become as pretty as some celebrity. Therefore, the only way for them to achieve this dream is by undergoing scalpel. For them, it is totally a moral justified behavior because they think that they have the right to decide their own appearance in order to fulfill the wants as well as the demand of beauty by the society. By virtue of hedonism, women undergoing scalpel is nothing wrong. Hedonism is the theory which emphasizes on pleasure and the absence of pain and therefore only the pleasure is ultimately good. For example, women can undergo scalpel in order to search for be auty appearance so that they can fulfill their dream and demand of the society. This is because a beauty appearance can brings pleasure to them. People from all over the world come to have their noses tweaked, chins thinned and fat removed and occasionally grafted onto another part of their face. Its not just a female thing males make up at least 30 percent of JK Plastic Surgery Clinics patients. JK Plastic Surgery Clinics foreign patients account for about 40 to 50 percent of the total number of patients. Of the foreign patients, Chinese make up about 70 percent. As quoted by (Violet Kim, August 9, 2012) This statement shows that it is morally justified and people have the right to undergo scalpel even a man. This is because scalpel is widely accepted all around the world and receive general acceptance from the society. In other words, nowadays, it is a pleasure to have a beautiful appearance after undergoing scalpel. Besides that, it is also legal for the doctor to help people undergo scalpel. Some countries like China and Korea even allowed doctor to advertise their profession and skills in scalpel and this mean it is legal and morally justified. According to Act-Utilitarianism, scalpel is right since it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the society. This is because beautiful appearance of one person can create happiness for themselves or even the people around them. Moreover, it also create job opportunities for doctor who running scalpel business. Finally, everyone is happy with this activity and thus it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain fo r all parties. First, there is no specific biblical prohibition against changing the appearance of our physical bodies. Second, we do not consider other means to improve our outward appearance unethical. For example, few would argue that all forms of makeup, grooming, and fashionable clothing are intrinsically immoral behaviors. In short, the freedom we have in Christ along with the guidance of our own conscience should lead us regarding behaviors that are not specifically prohibited. For this reason, I can find no reason to find cosmetic surgery intrinsically immoral. As quoted from (Richard J. Poupard, 2010) This statement explains that scalpel is as normal as grooming and fashionable clothing. Therefore, women undergo scalpel in order to search for beauty is a morally justified action. According to Rule-Utilitarianism, it is also right if it conform to a set of rules the general acceptances of which will produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for everyone. For example, there are people who undergo scalpel to correct their skin which damaged by fire is a pleasure for them and their family as well.

The Legendary Musician, Ray Charles Robinson Essay -- Biography Biogra

The Legendary Musician, Ray Charles Robinson Ray Charles Robinson was born on September 23, 1930 in Albany Georgia. His father was Bailey Robinson, a railroad repair man, and his mother was 'Retha. His father never married his mother. His legal wife was Mary Jane, who also helped to raise Charles. By the time he was three, young Charles was learning to play the piano. When he was five his brother, who was three at the time, drowned. A few months later Charles got the disease that would make him go blind by the time he was seven. After he became totally blind at the age of seven, Charles went to a school for the blind in St. Augustine, Florida, where he learned to play the trumpet, the saxophone, the clarinet, and organ, though his preferred instrument is still the piano. When Charles was 15, his mother died from food poisoning. He decided to become a musician soon afterwards and he set out on his own. He played with various band throughout Florida until he was seventeen. He then wanted to get as far away as possible from Tampa and also stay in the United...

Death penalty Essay

Introduction Over several years, the death penalty has existed among various countries, and used to eliminate killers who are considered extremely dangerous in the society. According to various sources, the fear associated with the death penalty discourages individuals with the propensity of conducting such inhumane crimes. Application of the death penalty, however, comes with mixed reactions from the society since some people support it while others are against it due to various reasons. Therefore, this essay seeks to justify the rightfulness of the death penalty since it is associated with a significant level of reduction in malicious murders. Arguments against Death Penalty In a number of cases, the death penalty has resulted in various disputes; for example, where innocent individuals have been convicted despite the fact that they were not involved in such crimes. Unfortunately, some of these victims were executed, or put on the death row just before the truth was established, and their innocence proven (Harris, 2012). From 1973, 11 Texans and 128 others across the United States have been set free and cleared from the death penalty as a result of proof of their wrongful conviction (All Voices, 2012). Generally, the death penalty is considered as the harshest sentence for any known felony. More so, it is the only punishment that will remain irreversible after the sentence has been made. When an inmate is found not guilty of committing the crime that led to his imprisonment, they can always be set free and have their names cleared. However, where the convict had already been put to death, the punishment can never be reversed: In no circumstance will saying – sorry, we had the wrong person – help the family of the victim, but will only increase their pain. Several people are usually against the idea of the death penalty due to the possibility of executing innocent people. Such people would never want to imagine the risk of executing innocent people; in fact – for nearly ten years now – innocence has resulted in the creation of a strong argument in death penalty dialogue. In this fight, abolitionists have played an important role especially where they have successfully pointed out the innocence in some convicts with the aid of post conviction DNA tests (Aronson & Simon, 2009). Arguments in Favor of Death Penalty On the other hand, the death penalty is considered as an eye for an eye and that all convicted killers should be executed in order to attain evenness. The most horrible felony warrants no less than the most horrible sentence, which should mean an eye for an eye. As such, the victim’s family should feel that the offender was given the most intense judgment other than just being locked up in a prison and keep enjoying their life. In many unfortunate cases, the murderers have been given a life sentence without a possibility of parole, and they have managed to live for longer periods than their actual victims actually lived on earth. To make the situation worse, such inmates live a comfortable life in prison, getting three meals per day and an afternoon to practice, while the victim’s family lives a life of anguish. Denis Rader (BTK), born and raised in Wichita, Kansas, was an excellent example of a very notorious serial killer that used to bind, torture and kill his victims without any mercy (Harris, 2012). In one of his dreadful attacks, he killed an 11-year old girl called Josephine Otero by hanging her from a drain pipe (Harris, 2012). Unfortunately, the murderer was given a 175 years sentence despite the fact that he killed an entire family, as well as other innocent people (Harris, 2012). Actually, it is not justified for a murderer to live while innocent people suffer death: Rader did not have the right to torture and kill his victims, so it is not justified that he was granted a right to his life. In several cases, some of the most dangerous killers have only spent their life in prison. As such, is there anything, or a particular sentence that could assist in reducing the intensity of murders within the society? Several studies have indicated that the fear of death discourages people from committing various targeted crimes. Capital punishment would serve as an excellent solution since it would assist in lowering murder crimes; hence, it would serve as a perfect crime preventive solution. As such, most criminals would think twice before killing their victims since they would realize the fact that their lives were at stake for any murder act. I would say that the use of the death penalty could certainly lower the incidences of violent murders since this would play a crucial part in the elimination of cruel repeat offenders. In connection, statistics show that there are approximately 20,000 murders every single year within the United States, which drastically increased from 10,000 deaths per year after the death penalty was dropped in some states (Boys, 2012). The elimination of the death penalty, 1965; therefore, led to increase in the number of murders by about 10,000 people per year (Boys, 2012). With these statistics, it is evident that murderers commit more murders due to the knowledge that the worst they could get for murder is life imprisonment. This means that bringing back the death penalty would help in the reduction of brutal murders by repeat offenders. However, the death penalty should be implemented where the evidence for murder can be proved beyond any reasonable doubt so as to avoid executing innocent victims. Conclusion It is evident that the arguments in favor of implementing the death penalty far much outweigh those against its implementation. I would then mention the fact that the death penalty will assist in lowering cases of malicious murders within the society, as well as serve as the best sentence when compared the affliction of the victim’s family. Hence, I conclude this essay by supporting the fact that implementation of the death penalty is justified because it assists in the reduction of malicious murders; at the same time, remains the best punishment for convicted murderers.

Early Detection Of Perinatal Asphyxia Health And Social Care Essay

Meconium staining amnionic fluid ( MSAF ) is associated with tonss of inauspicious result and has long been considered to be a bad forecaster of foetal result. Meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) is often associated with foetal hypoxia which promotes meconium discharge in amnionic fluid, panting and aspiration of MSAF, and besides alterations in the vascular muscular media of pneumonic arterias of the foetus. About 30 to 50 % of MAS required mechanical airing or uninterrupted positive air passage force per unit area ( CPAP ) .Aim: –This retrospective survey was undertaken to happen out immediate foetal result in meconium stained spirits in relation to perinatal asphyxia.MATERIAL AND METHOD: –It was a retrospective survey. We reviewed the medical records of all Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) between 1st September 2011 to 31st July 2012 at NICU of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Gestational age of babes & lt ; 37weeks are coded as prete rm, & gt ; 42weeks as station term and 37 to 42 hebdomads as term. Chi square trial and Binary logistic arrested development were used for the analysis. We calculated odds ratios ( OR ) and their 95 % assurance intervals ( 95 % CI ) . P-valueConsequence: –Out of 399 entire admittances in NICU, male ( 62.4 % ) showed preponderance as compared to female ( 37.6 % ) , among which 6.8 % were instances of MAS, doing female ( 10.7 % ) more prone compared to male ( 4.4 % ) while perinatal asphyxia came out to be 11.5 % , doing male ( 12 % ) more prone to female ( 10.7 % ) . Post term [ odds ratio=3.50 ( CI: 0.39, 31.42 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.58 ( CI: 1.16, 5.75 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing MAS compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . Post term [ odds ratio=9.15 ( CI: 1.91, 43.75 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.67 ( CI: 1.41, 5.08 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . MAS babe is holding 6.62 ( C I: 2.85, 15.38 ) times hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia ( p & lt ; 0.01 ) .Decision: –MAS is a perinatal job which requires a full co-operation and coordination of Obstetrician and Pediatrician if it is to be avoided. Prompt and efficient bringing room direction can minimise the sequeale of aspirated meconium and diminish the opportunity of perinatal asphyxia.KEYWORDS: –Meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) , Perinatal asphyxia, NICU, PaediatricBackground: –In the early 2000, the prevalence of MAS ranged from 0.20 % to 0.54 % in the general population [ 2-4 ] and from 1.0 % to 6.8 % in babies born through MSAF [ 1, 2-4 ] . A reappraisal of 10 studies published from 1990 to 1998 showed a combined incidence of 13.1 % for MSAF, 0.52 % of MAS, 4.2 % of MAS among MSAF, and 49.7 % of MAS necessitating ventilatory support with a 4.6 % mortality rate [ 3 ] . However, big population-based surveies were scarce and suggested a lower incidence of MAS: the national US birth cohort survey conducted on the footing of singleton term non-Hispanic white unrecorded births ( 1995-2001 ) showed that the rate of MAS markedly increased with gestational age ( GA ) , that is, from 0.10 % at 37 hebdomads gestation ( WG ) to 0.22 and 0.31 % at 40 and 41 WG, severally [ 5 ] . The prevalence of MAS could be extrapolated to 0.18 % in this population of term babies. In Australia, the rate of MAS necessitating mechanical airing in flat III units ranged between 0.024 to 0.046 % at 36-40 WG and so increased to 0.080 % at 41 WG and 0.14 % at 42 WG [ 6 ] . In France, the prevalence of automatically ventilated MAS was estimated to 0.043 % by a retrospective national study among newborns born in 2000-2001 [ 7 ] . Meconium-stained amnionic fluid occurs in about 13 % of unrecorded births. Meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) occurs in 5 to 10 % of babies born through meconium-stained amnionic fluid. When MAS occurs, there is an addition in neonatal mortality and morbidity. Great advancement has been made in the betterment of endurance of babies with MAS. Great advancement in direction has been made since first description of the pathophysiology and hapless result of babies with MAS in 1975. [ 8 ] These include improved intrapartum and post-delivery direction of MAS. Although there is a important lessening in the happening of MAS and associated mortality in developed states MAS remains a major job in developing states. Meconium, the faecal stuff that accumulates in the fetal colon throughout gestation, is a term derived from the Greek mekoni, intending poppy juice or opium. It is a unfertile, thick, black-green, odourless stuff foremost observed in the foetal bowel during the 3rd month of gestation. Meconium consequences from the accretion of dust, including desquamated cells from the bowel and tegument, GI mucin, lanugo hair, fatty stuff from the vernix caseosa, amnionic fluid and enteric secernments. The black-green colour consequences from bile pigments. [ 9, 10 ] Most babies have their first intestine motion after birth ( within the first 24 to 48 hour after birth ) . Occasionally a foetus can go through meconium in uteri. Aspiration of meconium and amnionic fluid can go on during any point of the labour and bringing. The foetus could draw out this mixture of fluids while they are still in the womb, coming through the birth canal, or when they take their first breathe after birth. This is refer red to as Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ( MAS ) . MAS is an of import cause of respiratory hurt in the term neonate, is a serious status with high morbidity and mortality. [ 11,12 ] The pathophysiology is complex and non good defined, including airway obstructor, pneumonic high blood pressure, epithelial hurt, surfactant inactivation, and redness. [ 11,13 ] Fetal asphyxia [ 14 ] and infection are suggested to be chief causative agents. [ 15,16 ] Meconium produces inflammatory responses in both carnal theoretical accounts and neonates with MAS. [ 17 ] After intratracheal instillment of meconium in animate beings, there is an intense pneumonic inflammatory reaction with inflow of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and T cells within a few hours. The production of proinflammatory cytokines further propagates parenchymal lung cell hurt, [ 18,19 ] and apoptotic epithelial cells are present in meconium containing lungs. [ 20,21 ] MAS is a disease of the term and near-term baby that is associated with considerable respiratory morbidity. The disease is characterized by early oncoming of respiratory hurt in a meconium-stained baby, with hapless lung conformity and hypoxemia clinically and patchy opacification and hyperinflation radiographically. [ 22, 23 ] At least one tierce of babies with MAS require cannulation and mechanical airing, [ 24, 25 ] and newer neonatal therapies, such as high-frequency airing ( HFV ) , inhaled azotic oxide ( iNO ) , and surfactant disposal are frequently brought into drama. [ 26, 27 ] In the past few decennaries, there seems to hold been a decrease in the incidence of MAS in many centres, at least in the developed universe. [ 25, 28, 29 ] The evident decrease in the hazard of MAS has been attributed to better obstetric patterns, in peculiar, turning away of postmaturity and expeditious bringing where fetal hurt has been noted. [ 28 ]Aim:This retrospective survey was undertaken to happen out immediate foetal result in meconium stained spirits in relation to perinatal asphyxia.MATERIALS AND METHODS: –Study design and the participants:It was a infirmary based retrospective experimental survey conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Manipal College of Medical Sciences ( MCOMS ) , Kathmandu University. Manipal learning infirmary ( MTH ) is a third attention infirmary in pokhara metropolis of Nepal and it is a good facilitated and equipped infirmary for patients with neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) . It was chosen for the survey because Manipal lea rning infirmary is a third attention 825 bedded infirmary and it was expected that most of the patients will come to this infirmary from Western Nepal.DATA COLLECTION: –This survey was carried out from 1ST SEPTEMBER 2011to 31st JULY, 2012. The survey population included patients admitted in Pediatrics NICU from different parts of Pokhara, Nepal. After obtaining the permission from the caput of the section, information was collected from the medical record section of the patient from NICU. The variable collected were Age, sex, weight, manner of bringing and gestational age. Sum of 399 instances were included in the survey holding both meconium aspiration syndrome, perinatal asphyxia and other neonatal infections.INCLUSION CRITERIA:Gestational age of babes & lt ; 37weeks are coded as preterm, & gt ; 42weeks as station term and 37 to 42 hebdomads as term.SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: To be added subsequentlyResult Variables:To happen out immediate foetal result in meconium stained sp irits in relation to perinatal asphyxia.Explanatory Variables:Factors at single degree are gestational age and sex.ETHICAL COMMITTEE APPROVAL:Predating the survey, blessing for the survey was obtained from the institutional research ethical commission.DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:Analysis was done utilizing descriptive statistics and proving of hypothesis. The information was analyzed utilizing Excel 2003, R 2.8.0, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) for Windows Version 16.0 ( SPSS Inc ; Chicago, IL, USA ) and the EPI Info 3.5.1 Windows Version. A p-value of & lt ; 0.05 ( two-tailed ) was used to set up statistical significance. [ 30, 31 ]Consequence: –Table 1: Cross tabular matter between Socio demographic factors and meconium aspiration syndrome: Variables MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME p-VALUE Yes NO Entire Sexual activity Male 11 ( 4.4 % ) 238 ( 95.6 % ) 249 0.016 Female 16 ( 10.7 % ) 134 ( 89.3 % ) 150 Gestational age 1 ( & lt ; 37 hebdomads ) 12 ( 4.5 % ) 252 ( 95.5 % ) 264 0.001 2 ( 37-42 hebdomads ) 14 ( 10.9 % ) 114 ( 89.1 % ) 128 3 ( & lt ; 42 hebdomads ) 1 ( 14.3 % ) 6 ( 85.7 % ) 7 Table 1depicts: female ( 10.7 % ) more prone compared to male ( 4.4 % ) . Post term [ odds ratio=3.50 ( CI: 0.39, 31.42 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.58 ( CI: 1.16, 5.75 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing MAS compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . from the above statistics it ‘s really clear the female in our survey are doing an dominant portion as compared to do in meconium aspiration syndrome. Along with this, we can do out that station and term newborns are holding larger hazard of developing meconium aspiration syndrome. Table 2: shows relationship of perinatal asphyxia with Socio demographic factors and meconium aspiration syndrome: Variables PERINATAL ASPHYXIA p-VALUE Yes NO Sum Sexual activity Male 30 ( 12.0 % ) 219 ( 88.0 % ) 249 0.676 Female 16 ( 10.7 % ) 134 ( 89.3 % ) 150 Gestational age 1 ( & lt ; 37 hebdomads ) 20 ( 7.6 % ) 244 ( 92.4 % ) 264 0.001 2 ( 37-42 hebdomads ) 23 ( 18.0 % ) 105 ( 82.0 % ) 128 3 ( & gt ; 42 hebdomads ) 3 ( 42.9 % ) 4 ( 57.1 % ) 7 Meconium aspiration syndrome Yes 11 ( 40.7 % ) 16 ( 59.3 % ) 27 0.0001 NO 35 ( 9.4 % ) 337 ( 90.6 % ) 372 Table 2: shows Perinatal asphyxia came out to be 11.5 % , doing male ( 12 % ) more prone to female ( 10.7 % ) . Post term [ odds ratio=9.15 ( CI: 1.91, 43.75 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.67 ( CI: 1.41, 5.08 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) . MAS babe is holding 6.62 ( CI: 2.85, 15.38 ) times hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia ( p & lt ; 0.01 ) . From the tabular array we formulated that male are holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia as compared to females.post term babes and term are holding greater hazard holding asphyxia. Therefore from the above consequence we can do out that there is strong relationship between MAS and perinatal asphyxia i.e, meconium aspiration newborns are prone for developing perinatal asphyxia.Discussion:The increased hazard for pneumonic morbidity and mortality among babies born through meconium stained amnionic fluid is good recognized. Though many studies have noted a clinical spectrum of pneumonic disfunction such as mild tachypnea and terrible pneumonic inadequacy, this survey confirms that meconium stained amnionic fluid is associated with an increased hazard for pneumonic disfunction. The hazard for pneumonic disease, nevertheless, is non manifested every bit in all babies with meconium staining. As it was shown by several old surveies, the greatest hazard for pneumonic disease occurred among babies with associated marks of possible intrapartum foetal via media. Despite airway direction following recommended guidelines, these babies continued to attest a high rate of pneu monic morbidity [ 32-35 ] . The recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1983 did non propose that all babies born through thick meconium stained amnionic fluid needfully necessitate tracheal suction. The 2nd edition of these Guidelines noted the absence of extra surveies to back up or rebut the pattern of tracheal suction for meconium stained amnionic fluid and recommended that â€Å" in the presence of midst or particulate meconium, the voice box should be visualized, and if meconium is present, the clinician should cannulate the windpipe and use suction † . The most recent edition of the Guidelines published in 1992, is downwind dogmatic. It is recommended that down babies with meconium in the hypopharynx have tracheal suction. However, it is further noted that cord visual image and tracheal suction in the vigorous baby with thick meconium may non be necessary. None of the Guidelines have recommended tracheal suction of babies born through thin meconium stained amnionic fluid [ 32, 33 ] .MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME WITH GESTATIONAL AGE:The overall incidence of MAS and terrible MAS additions with GA as reported in recent population-based surveies [ 36, 37 ] . The overall rates of MAS in the USA [ 36 ] and Burgundy are similar: 1.0 versus 1.1 per 1000 unrecorded births ( aˆÂ ° ) at 37 hebdomads ; 1.1 versus 1.0aˆÂ ° at 38weeks ; 1.5 versus 1.1aˆÂ ° at 39weeks ; 2.2 versus 2.4aˆÂ ° at 40 hebdomads, and 3.1 versus 2.6aˆÂ ° at 41weeks. Furthermore the incidence of terrible MAS recorded in Australia [ 37 ] at 41weeks ( 0.80aˆÂ ° ) is close to the 0.67aˆÂ ° observed at 39-41weeks in our series. Some surveies suggested that bar of post term gestation prevents terrible MAS [ 38 ] .Our retrospective observational survey showed that station term [ odds ratio=3.50 ( CI: 0.39, 31.42 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.58 ( CI: 1.16, 5.75 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing MAS compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) .MECONIUM ASPIRATION S YNDROME WITH SEX:In our survey, male ( 62.4 % ) showed preponderance as compared to female ( 37.6 % ) , among which ( 6.8 % ) were instances of MAS, doing female ( 10.7 % ) more prone compared to male ( 4.4 % ) .PERINATAL ASPHYXIA WITH GESTATIONAL AGE:For more than two decennaries, post term gestation has been defined as a gestation that persists beyond 294 yearss or 42 hebdomads of gestation [ 39 ] . The most common ground to name it is inaccurate gestation dating. Last catamenial period with regular catamenial rhythm is the best physiological landmark to measure the gestational age in gestation. However, a few adult females are certain of their day of the months and frequently cause anxiousness when they come with postdates [ 40 ] . The cause of post-term gestation is unknown. A Post term gestations are associated with higher hazard of perinatal mortality and morbidity including meconium aspiration syndrome, A asphyxia neonatrum respiratory hurt syndrome, icterus neonatrum, sepsis neonatorum, oligohydramnios, macrosomia, foetal birth hurt, foetal hurt and increased rate of cesarean subdivision [ 41 ] . Our survey showed that station term [ odds ratio=9.15 ( CI: 1.91, 43.75 ) ] and term [ odds ratio=2.67 ( CI: 1.41, 5.08 ) ] babes were holding more hazard of developing perinatal asphyxia compared to preterm ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) .PERINATAL ASPHYXIA WITH SEX:In legion surveies, asphyxia was more prevailing in male than female [ 42, 43, 44 ] . In our survey, male preponderance is seen. Out of 399 instances perinatal asphyxia came out to be 11.5 % , doing male ( 12 % ) more prone to female ( 10.7 % ) .Decision:The present survey showed a good correlativity of prevalence of meconium aspiration syndrome and perinatal asphyxia both in term and post term babes doing perinatal asphyxia more common in meconium aspiration syndrome. There is demand of a big randomized controlled test to analyze the functions of intrapartum nasopharyngeal and immediate postpartum tracheal suctioning in newborns born through MSAF in developing state scene.Conflict OF INTERESTS:The writers do non hold any struggle of involvement originating from the survey.RecognitionsDr. K.S RAO, Professor and Head of Department, Pediatrics, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara ( Nepal ) for allowing the writers to utilize the infirmary paperss during the survey.What this survey adds:By agencies of this survey we can turn out that perinatal asphyxia is more prevailing in meconium aspiration syndrome.